信使核糖核酸（mRNA）疫苗屬于第三代疫苗，具有抗原表達(dá)效率高、安全性高、免疫原性強(qiáng)、可編譯性強(qiáng)，以及制備工藝簡單、易規(guī)?；a(chǎn)和針對病原體變異有效性高等技術(shù)優(yōu)勢，在新冠疫情防控中被視作一種革命性的疫苗技術(shù)。但mRNA 疫苗穩(wěn)定性差，傳遞效率低，在臨床應(yīng)用方面受到很大限制。因此，當(dāng)前及未來的研究主要集中在保證疫苗安全性的前提下，設(shè)計先進(jìn)和可耐受的遞送系統(tǒng)，來提高抗原表達(dá)和提呈的效率，以及優(yōu)化mRNA結(jié)構(gòu)，達(dá)到延長和控制表達(dá)持續(xù)時間的目的。本文從mRNA疫苗的分類、作用機(jī)制、技術(shù)優(yōu)勢、遞送系統(tǒng)4個方面，對mRNA疫苗免疫學(xué)機(jī)制研究進(jìn)行綜述，旨在為mRNA疫苗研發(fā)工作提供參考。
Advances in the Immunological Mechanism of mRNA Vaccine
Messenger ribonucleic acid（mRNA）vaccine，as the third generation vaccine，is characterized by high antigen expression efficiency and safety，strong immunogenicity and compiling，simple preparation technology，intensive production and high efficiency against pathogen variation，and has been regarded as a revolutionary vaccine technology in the prevention and control of COVID-19. However，the mRNA vaccine is with poor stability and low transmission efficiency，which is greatly limited in clinical application. Therefore，advanced and tolerable delivery systems should be designed to improve the efficiency of antigen expression and presentation，to optimize the structure of mRNA and thus to prolong and control the duration of expression，provided that safety of the vaccine could be safeguarded. The immunological mechanism of mRNA vaccine was summarized in the paper from the aspects of classification，action mechanism，technical advantages and delivery system of the vaccine，with a view to providing a reference for future development of the vaccine.
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